Insect Lifestage and Management Date Estimates - Background

     Key life cycle and management date estimates are based on degree day correlations from various sources.  A primary source is the tabulation of insect phenology events and associated degree day accumulations maintained by Dave Kain, NY State Agricultural Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University.

Other sources are:

A.M. Agnello, entomology section editor, 2001, Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Tree-Fruit Production 2001, Cornell University Cooperative Extension.

A.M. Agnello, Apple Boring Beetles, 1999, Cornell University fact sheet at http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/treefruit/pests/ab/appleborer.html

J.F. Brunner, S.C. Hoyt, and M.A. Wright, 1987, Codling moth control - A new tool for timing sprays, Extension Bulletin 1072, Washington State University

F.H. Lathrop, 1955, Apple Insects in Maine.

D.G. Pfeiffer, entomology section editor, 1995, Mid-Atlantic Orchard Monitoring Guide, Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, NRAES-75.